Wednesday, December 9, 2015

Critical Thought and Ethos


http://aeo.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/Files/CriticalThinking/Critical%20Thinking%20Cartoon.bmp

This cartoon demonstrates the importance of critical thought when analyzing a source's validity. It is easy to blindly use a source because it fits our argument, but, if the statistics or facts are not true, it not only destroys the credibility of the source but also yours as well. It is important to argue with as up-to-date facts as available as well as with sources that are true authorities on topics.

Poor Argumentaiton

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WO23WBji_Z0

Here is a clip from the movie, "Annie Get Your Gun", an old western with Howard Keel and Betty Hutton. This song hilariously epitomizes poor argumentation. 

Monday, December 7, 2015

Blog Post 10 - Final Statement - Argumentation as an Artform

http://www.utne.com/~/media/Images/UTR/Editorial/Blogs/Mind%20and%20Body/Beyond%20Debate%20Club/argument.jpg

          Argumentation is an art. It is a way of expressing the depth of our minds, our logic, our feelings with regards to the issues that form the very fabric of our world. As the fortune cookie asserts, arguing is not about beating the other person, rather, it is a journey meant to guide all towards progress and greater enlightenment. With that in mind, all forms of argumentation and persuasion are not created equal. Fallacious arguments such as ad hominems, red herrings, false analogies, and generalizations serve only to damage the beauty of a well-constructed argument. They may seem convincing but falter under any scrutiny. However, a proper mix of ethos, pathos, and logos create a well-balanced argument. Pathos and logos are key part of a good argument. Pathos speaks to those in touch with their emotional side. To this group, emotional stories move them to action and help them to feel motivated towards change and a new opinion. However, some are more logical and require logos to be convinced. For these people, hard facts and logical reasoning can convince them to alter their opinions. It is important, in argumentation, to know your audience, and, often times, it is wise to include both pathos and logos. However, for both, if the speaker has not authority, their words are immediately degraded which is why ethos is so vital.
           Today, many people place to much emphasis on images and clever phrases, rather than understanding the value of words. This is a detriment to argumentation because, like literature, it is an art of, sometimes many, words. While images can speak loudly when properly placed in arguments, they are infinitely more effective when accompanied by powerful text. Just as images have altered argumentation, Facebook, Twitter, and other social media outlets have led to the degradation of argumentation by reducing it to nothing more than a petty exchange of poorly constructed attacks. While, at times, logical arguments have happened on Facebook and other forums, the vast majority of arguments include hurled insults and accusatory generalizations. Such forms does not promote a journey towards progress.
            Argumentation is vital in today's multicultural platform because, while the cultures of the world are continually more diverse, the spaces between us is continually shrinking. Through proper argumentation, we have a platform to examine and learn about other cultures while challenging our own perceptions and cultural practices because not all cultural practices should continue. Through argumentation, we can expand our understanding, not only of cultural practices, but also of how different cultural practices are perceived across the globe. Within a more national context, argumentation is also important to promote the wisest solutions to economic and social problems. While it can be a tool for lobbyists or politicians, it is also an important part of life for the individual peoples to understand what their leaders believe and strive to implement. Sadly, argumentation in national politics has been reduced to bribery and personal favors. In history, however, it has been used to change the world. Consider the American Revolution. It was the eloquent and aptly expressed arguments of the Founding Fathers that helped to create the United States of America.
             Many, even great thinkers in history, have criticized rhetoricians; however, how can we determine the validity of certain beliefs and customs without argumentation? How can we challenge perceptions and practices without debate? Persuasion and argumentation are vital parts of communication. They permeate every aspect of life from the food we eat to the places we go. We encounter arguments, engage in persuasion, and examine debates throughout our lives. We are all artists of argumentation. While many are....not particularly good...others have studied and mastered its art. With it, we can create empowering perspectives that challenge the world around us. While I am no master, I would like to consider myself an apprentice, challenged by our class to be sure that my logic is sound and my rebuttals thought out. I would like to consider myself an artist and my arguments a work of art.

Sunday, December 6, 2015

the Syrian Refugee Crisis

http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/08/29/453776652_custom-e8de32f4591e7648567e6e8f9fc3291057c21562-s900-c85.jpg

Perhaps there is no perfect solution. Perhaps there is no ideal situation. Perhaps there is no good answer to the Syrian Refugee Crisis. However, I was discussing it with a group of friends today and someone brought up a very good point. He reminded us that this panic surrounding the entrance of Syrian Refugees is not new. Just prior to the beginning of World War II and before American involvement, similar feelings rippled throughout the United States with regards to eastern European Jews. In a poll done during that time, 67.4% were opposed to allowing political refugees from Germany and Austria into the United States (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/17/what-americans-thought-of-jewish-refugees-on-the-eve-of-world-war-ii/). I understand that we live in a different time with different threats and certainly a new kind of terror that is more clandestine than Hilter's Nazis. However, the plight of the people - whether they were Jewish or are Syrian - has not changed. They all seek refuge from the danger that plagues their homeland. That is not to say that a small number of them did not or are not seeking entrance into this nation with nefarious intentions. I am not so blind as to say that there are not evil people who will use the misfortunes of others to achieve their sinister intentions. However, we cannot deny that the majority of these people are mothers, sisters, fathers, brothers, husbands, grandparents, uncles, and aunts who seek safety and sustenance, the opportunity to live peacefully - just as you or I do. These people see a homeland just as our ancestors once did so many years ago and were able to find safety on these shores. I understand that this issue is complex, our economic infrastructure complicated, our government bogged down with inefficiency; however, should we not seek to find a solution that provides aid without closing our doors? Yes-Provisions and checks must be made for those who are malicious. We must protect our homeland from terror and provide help without causing serious problems to our citizens. However, we cannot turn a blind eye or close our ears and hearts to the cries of the men, women, and children who desperately need our aid. How can we espouse values of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and yet deny it to those who desperately seek it? By the end of the Second World War, between 60 and 80 million men, women, and children had perished. How many Syrian refugees will die before the countries of the world, before the United States, will step up and fulfill the ideals that she so proudly proclaims. I do not presume to know the best solution. I do not know how to fix the problem or naively assert that we implement some oversimplified solution. But this I know - something must be done. We cannot sit idly by any longer. No more children should ever wash up on the shores of a nation dead, victims of a deplorable world, snuffed out as their parents fled from evil, struggling towards the hope of a distant shore.

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http://headspacepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/syrian-baby.jpg


Emma Lazarus wrote in her poem "the New Colossus" :

"Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand 

A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"




These words are inscribed on our Statue of Liberty. 

Are they true?


http://l.yimg.com/os/publish-images/news/2015-04-24/f7a521f0-eaa7-11e4-930a-5d739281be31_AP090602048119.jpg



Saturday, December 5, 2015

Story-telling and Persuasion

https://youtu.be/4lnRK8QpC14

Story-telling is an important part of argumentation. It can be an extremely effective way to use pathos and/or ethos (if it is a personal story) to strength, at least emotionally, an argument. This speech from "A Time to Kill" is a fantastic example of story-telling in persuasion and argumentation.

Persuasion and Association

One of the most effective ways to persuade a person to do or believe in something is by connecting it to something with which they are familiar or identify. Consider this commercial by Glade which associates their candles and smells with Christmas and peace, something to which many relate with fond feelings.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTJbKIRligo

Tuesday, December 1, 2015

Philips and Pathos

https://youtu.be/3WOJJ7NMJ80

Here is a video from Philips who produces electronic, healthcare products, and technology that masterfully uses pathos to encourage living life more fully while promoting their own product and healthcare innovations. It's a real tear-jerker.